araijuku

えー、javaとかcgiとか苦手な新井です。では今日もはんなりと「そろそろ飽きてきた？GMAT 文法テスト」の７回目いっときましょ。

1. With affection and humor, poet Phyllis McGinley — of ordinary life.

(A) the virtues were praised

(B) praised the virtues

(C) she praised the virtues

(D) her praise of the virtues

2. Scientists think — helps some trees to conserve water in the winter.

(A) when losing leaves

(B) leaves are lost

(C) that losing leaves

(D) the leaves losing

3. The ancient Hopewell people of North America probably cultivated corn and — crops, but hunting and gathering were still of critical importance in their economy.

(A) another

(B) the others

(C) other

(D) other than

4. Lunar eclipses occur each time the Earth blocks the Sun’s light from the Moon — the Moon’s full phase.

(A) during

(B) whether

(C) in which

(D) whenever

5. — all data into electronic pulses.

(A) The computer input unit changes

(B) Changing input, the computer unit

(C) Which changes the computer input unit

(D) Changes in the computer input units

6. Robert S. Duncanson was considered a painter of the Hudson River school, — on scenes of America’s untamed wilderness.

(A) which concentrated

(B) which concentrated it

(C) which it concentrated

(D) and which concentrated

7. — their senses, many-celled animals perceive what is happening in their environment.

(A) Means of

(B) By means of

(C) Of the means by

(D) By means

8. In central Georgia, archaeological evidence indicates that Native Americans first inhabited the area —.

(A) since thirteen centuries

(B) thirteen centuries ago

(C) the previous thirteen centuries

(D) thirteen centuries were before

9. The large compound eyes of the dragonfly — to see moving objects almost eighteen feet away.

(A) to enable it

(B) enabling it

(C) it enables

(D) enable it

10. Using many symbols makes — to put a large amount of information on a single map.

(A) possible

(B) it possible

(C) it is possible

(D) that possible

 

11. In our time, it is not easy to be an human being, but then it is not likely that it ever was.

12. When Lee surrendered to Grant at the end of the Civil War, Grant felt no triumph over a general as great as or more great than himself.

13. Rockets as fireworks and as weapons of war were known the Chinese as early as the thirteenth century A.D.

14. New Jersey was one of the thirteenth original colonies.

15. There is no evidence that drinking alcoholic beverages in moderation contribute to poor health.

16. Geese fly in V-formation because the leading bird creates a turbulence, or lift, in what the next bird rides, and so on down the line.

17. Ninety percentage of the United States entire uranium reserve is found in the Rocky Mountains.

18. As working hours become shorter, many people are able to participate in a person hobby during their spare time.

19. Most historians agree on the magnetic compass was invented independently in both Asia and Europe at about the same time.

20. The Charter of the United Nations is the latest and most recent treaty establishing a world-wide framework for the political and nonpolitical cooperation of states.

 

GMAT文法レッスンの方をお読みいただいた方にこの確認テストをやってもらっていると思いますが、こっちばっかりじゃなくて本編の方を何度も繰り返して読んで下さいねー。「知ってるからいいや」程度じゃGMATの過去問やるときにすんなりと知識を適用でけまへんで。

第二部最後の話題は、「倒置」です。GMAT SCで倒置そのものが問題になることは少ないですが、倒置させている文はちょこちょこ登場します。倒置構文は見慣れないとやや分かり難いものもありますので、文を読むための知識として、正しく理解しておきましょう。

倒置には色々な種類がありますが、ここではGMATの過去問によく出てくるものだけを紹介しておきます。

倒置のおおまかなパターンとしては、

①主語と動詞の位置が入れ替わるもの

②主語と動詞の位置は変わらず、目的語と補語などの位置が入れ替わるもの

の二種類があります。それぞれについて説明します。

１　[動詞＋主語]の倒置

それぞれの倒置構文を見る前に、主語と動詞が入れ替わる時の、言葉の並べ方を整理しておきます。否定語[seldom]が文頭に来て倒置するケースを例にします。

①現在形、過去形の他動詞、自動詞: 「do(es)/did＋主語＋原形動詞」

I read the book. / He reads the book / He read(過去) the book.

Seldom do I read the book. / Seldom does he read the book. / Seldom did he read the book.

②完了形の他動詞：「have(has) / had +主語+過去分詞」

I have (he has) read the book. / I have been reading the book. / I had read the book. / I had been reading the book.

Seldom have I (has he) read the book. / Seldom have I been reading the book. / Seldom had I read the book. / Seldom had I been reading the book.

③助動詞がある場合：「助動詞＋主語＋動詞原形（完了形など）」

He must do it. / He can be smarter. / You could have done better.

Seldom must he do it. / Seldom can he be smarter. / Seldom could you have done better.

④be動詞: 「is /are +主語」、「is / are ＋主語+ 分詞」※過去形は[was/were]

She is (They are) puntcual. / She is sleeping. / She is depressed.

Seldom is she (are they) puntcual. / Seldom is she sleeping. / Seldom is she depressed.

※[stand, lie, sit, hang]など、be動詞と似たような意味で使われる自動詞もこの形になります。下記（３）参照。

これらが基本です。要するにbe動詞以外の動詞は、[do, have, must]などと、動詞原形との間に主語を挟むということです。間違えて[Seldom read I...]にしたり、[Seldom has read he...]にしたりしないように注意しましょう。

それでは倒置構文の個々のケースです。

（１）there構文

誰でも知っている、一番分かり易い倒置構文です。[there(副詞）+動詞＋主語]の語順で使用します。

There is a dog.

は本来は、

A dog is there.

です。倒置文の基本がこれだと思っておけばよいでしょう。この倒置は単なる慣用です。

（２）否定

否定語句が文頭に置くときには、[動詞→主語]の語順になります。文頭によく置かれる言葉は、[little, never, seldom, rarely, only, on no account, not only, not until, no sooner, hardly, scarcely, in no way, in this way alone]などです。もちろんこれらに限らず、否定のニュアンスを持つ語句が文頭にある時は倒置します。

Never in my life have [I] been so strongly attracted to a cat.

Only then can [we] make our dreams come true.

In no circumstances will [it] be allowed to break the law.

Little did [he] imagine that he could not be a member of the committee.

（３）強調

否定の倒置も強調の一種ですが、それ以外にも、場所や程度を表す副詞句などを文頭に置くときには倒置がおこります。

①場所、所属など

At the top of the hill stood [the old chapel].

On my right side sits [Max], a black dog that always tries to bite me.

Among the smartest students are [George and Amanda].

Nor far from the lake is[a city of Dollarville].　

②程度など

Well do [I] remember the day when my son was born.

So intimate is [the relationship between X and Y].

（４）仮定法

[if]を省略すれば倒置がおこります。

①未来

Should [it] happen in the next few years, no company will be able to survive.

Were [it] to happen in the next few years, no company will be able to survive.

②過去

Had [I] a girlfriend, my life would be fun.

Were [I] in your shoes, I wouldn’t do so.

③過去完了

Had [you] come earlier, you could have seen the funny event.

Had [it] not been for the emergency food, nobody in the car would have been saved.

※[if it were not for X]は「もしXがなければ」という意味の決まり文句。

（５）than/as

than/asに続く節も、意味なく倒置させることが多いです。単純に主語と動詞をひっくり返してあるだけなので、見慣れておけばOKです。

The company has spent less on research and development than has any other company.

The Moon attracts more of some kind of people than does the Sun.

His speech was as good as was his predecessor’s.

She hoped, as did we all, that somebody would come to help.

※[as]の場合は、原級比較[as...as..]の場合だけでなく、このように単なる接続詞として使っている場合にも倒置するケースが多いです。

（６）SVC、進行形、受動態など

SVCの補語（C)を前に出して、CVSの語順にすることがあります。概ね、主語に関係代名詞などの修飾語句がたくさんついていたりして、主語が非常に長い場合に用います。

[The burden of responsibility that lies upon me for years] is heavy.

主語が長くて頭でっかちな感じがするので、

Heavy is [the burden of responsibility that lies upon me for years].

とするとすっきりします。

類例として、進行形（現在分詞）や受動態（過去分詞）があります。

[A stream whose water is so clear that one can see the shape and color of every stone on the bottom] is running through the field.

これも主語が長すぎるので、

Running through the field is [a stream whose water is so clear that one can see the shape and color of every stone on the bottom] .

と書く方がベター。

[A new law that forbids employers to reduce their employees' wages on the basis of their health problem] is required.

これも同様に、

Required is [a new law that forbids employers to reduce their employees' wages on the basis of their health problem] .

となります。

倒置に限らず、GMATでは、「長すぎる主語は×」と覚えておくと色々と役立ちます。

２　目的語と補語などの倒置

主語と動詞の語順は元のままですが、その他の要素の語順が通常とは逆になるものもあります。概ね、「目的語が長い場合」にこれが生じます。

（１）SVOC

通常は、

I’ve named [the machine] [Betty].

のように、「目的語→補語」ですが、目的語に修飾語句がついていて長い場合、「補語→目的語」の語順にします。

I’ve named [the new machine developed by the group of scientist who have been trying to build a robot with artificial intelligence] [Betty].

これだと目的語が長すぎて、SVOCかどうかも判断しにくいので、

I’ve named [Betty] [the new machine developed by the group of scientist who have been trying to build a robot with artificial intelligence].

まず補語を先に書いて、その後に目的語を置きます。SVCOにするわけです。

もう一例。今後は補語が形容詞のケースです。

Some sort of acid produced by the emission from the factories render [the air of the area around the valley where the factories have been operated] [poisonous].

これも長々と目的語が続いたあとにポツンと形容詞を置かれても読み難いので、

Some sort of acid produced by the emission from the factories render [poisonous][the air of the area around the valley where the factories have been operated] .

SVCOにして、[render poisonous the air...]にすれば比較的読み易くなります。

（２）使役動詞

これもSVOCと同じ要領で考えて下さい。

通常、I failed to make [the machine] [run]. ですが、目的語が非常に長いと

I failed to make  [the new machine developed by the group of scientist who have been trying to build a robot with artificial intelligence] [run].

ではわけがわかりません。

I failed to make [run] [the new machine developed by the group of scientist who have been trying to build a robot with artificial intelligence] .

となるのはもうお分かりでしょう。とにかく長い句は後回しです。

「O+to不定詞」をとる[get]も、

I successfully got [the new machine developed by the group of scientist who have been trying to build a robot with artificial intelligence] to start.

よりは、

I successfully got to start [the new machine developed by the group of scientist who have been trying to build a robot with artificial intelligence].

の方がベターということになります。

—————————————————

「倒置」はこれくらい知っておけば充分でしょう。

上のいずれのケースもGMATの過去問に登場していますので、全部見て分かるようにしておいて下さい。

特にCVSとSVCOは、主語や目的語が長い（＝難しい）文で使われるものなので、判断が難しいものがあります。

例文を読むだけではなく、面倒でも自分で例文を実際にいくつか書いてみて、使いこなせるようにしておくのが賢明です。

「第二部　文の構造」はこれで一旦終了します。

全部お読みいただいた方には、英文の基本構造が大体掴めてきたと思います。

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